رتبت العناصر في الجدول الدوري حسب

رتبت العناصر في الجدول الدوري حسب , مما لا شك فيه أن هذا الموضوع من أهم وأفضل الموضوعات التي يمكن أن أتحدث عنها اليوم، حيث أنه موضوع شيق ويتناول نقاط حيوية، تخص كل فرد في المجتمع، وأتمنى من الله عز وجل أن يوفقني في عرض جميع النقاط والعناصر التي تتعلق بهذا الموضوع.

The elements in the periodic table are arranged according to this question from the questions that have been received in chemistry to explain the study of the components and properties of matter, and it is known that the periodic table consists of a group of chemical elements in which elements with similar chemical properties are grouped together in a column, and the rows are known as cycles The columns are known as groups, so we will explain everything related to the periodic table through these lines.

The elements are arranged in the periodic table by

We can arrange the elements of the periodic table according to the electronic distribution and also according to their atomic number, and it can also be arranged according to the chemical elements. and behaviors in a column together, and that was the answer to today’s question.

A process in which one element is changed to another by radioactive decay

What are the general properties of the periodic table

There is a set of chemical properties of the periodic table, and the following are its most important characteristics that the periodic table contains 118 elements, and the search for new elements continues, and minerals, such as alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, base metals, and transition metals, constitute the majority of the elements in the periodic table , There are also seven horizontal cycles within the periodic table, and the table contains 18 groups of horizontal columns, and the element number of the period is the highest energy level for unexcited electrons, and the rows of the periodic table are called “the period”, and the periodic table uses the increase in atomic numbers to classify Elements; Because the size of the atom decreases during the transition from left to right in one cycle and increases during the transition from top to bottom in another cycle.

One of the properties of the elements in the same group is comparable, and the final orbit has the same electron configuration. Elements in groups I, II, and III tend to lose electrons and grow more electronegative with the progression of time. Also, elements in groups 4, 5, and 6 gain electrons and become more electronegative, ending Each period of the periodic table with an inert (noble) element, is determined by the fact that the electrons of its last orbit are completely filled, and the number of an element’s period is determined by its valence electrons, or electrons in the final orbital, the first series of the lanthanides and the second of the actinides being long chains From the elements at the bottom of the periodic table, each containing 14 elements, these chains join the group of transition elements and were placed at the bottom of the periodic table to save space, and the periodic table divides the elements into metallic and non-metallic elements, which are further divided into metalloids, and the electronegativity of the elements decreases When we move from right to left of the periodic table.

What determines the identity of the element .. Chemical properties of the elements

What is the periodic table and how important is it?

Today, chemists deal with 118 known chemical elements (after adding four new ones in 2016), and the order of the elements that Mendeleev used in his chemical table is still in use, with the modern periodic table starting with the simplest atom, the hydrogen atom, and then lining up the rest of the elements according to their atomic numbers (the atomic number is the number of positive protons an atom contains), the arrangement of the elements with a few exceptions exactly corresponds to the increasing mass of atoms of chemical elements, and each of the seven rows (periods) represents a cycle in the contemporary periodic table, which contains 18 columns, the number indicated The electrons are in the energy levels of each cycle by the cycle number, and when we look at the element sodium, we can see that it is in the third cycle, which means that the sodium atom only contains the electrons in the first three energy levels, and if you go down a little more, you will notice that the cycles get longer As more electrons are carried, they occupy more and more complex energy levels.

The columns of the table represent groups of elements, or “families,” because all the elements together within a group behave similarly, and they all have the same amount of electrons in their final shell, or “faces,” that they present to the world, and because the final level of all group 18 elements Fully full and saturated with electrons, they rarely participate in chemical processes because they do not need to lose or gain an electron Scientists and students of chemistry use the periodic table of the elements to study the elements and their chemical and physical properties and how they differ in each group It is possible to gain intuition about the properties of an element and how it interacts with another element Using the table, if a student wants to identify the properties of an element like francium, for example, they can use the properties of group 1 to identify it, they will learn that it is a soft metal that reacts with water more strongly than the element before it because the rest of the elements in the tellurium group are hydrogen compounds, such as Water H2O and hydrogen sulfide H2S and H2Se, if he wanted to know tellurium compounds with hydrogen, the two elements would be H2Te, Mendeleev’s table was organized according to atomic weight Peter Ascending, while the contemporary or modern periodic table is organized according to the ascending atomic number, where each element has its own atomic number that is not repeated with another element, the number of protons in the nucleus determines the atomic number, carbon has the symbol C, and oxygen symbolizes O, so each An element that has a chemical symbol.

Classification of elements based on their properties in the periodic table

A group of scientists attempted to classify elements together based on their common properties. Here are the most famous attempts:

• Berzelius’ divisions of the elements are metals and non-metals.
• Mendeleev arranged the elements in ascending order of their atomic weights, indicating that chemical and physical properties were repeated in one cycle.
• According to their atomic numbers, Moseley grouped the elements in ascending order.
• The elements in the long periodic table are arranged using the concept of ascending structure, which involves filling in energy sublevels.
• The periodic system in which the elements are arranged in a specific order. Scientists were able to arrange the elements in a periodic pattern after discovering the contemporary structure of the atom, its energy levels, and the scattering of electrons within it.

Elements in the periodic system

Its arrangement depends on a number of characteristics, namely:

• The higher the number of atoms in the elements.
• Electrons are used to fill energy levels.
• The properties of elements that contain the same amount of electrons in the outward energy levels are the same.

properties of the elements of the periodic table

There are some properties of the elements in the periodic table and they are as follows:

• Properties of the elements of metals and non-metals: As we move from top to bottom of the periodic table in one group, the metallic property of the elements rises, such as lithium is the least metallic element in group 1A, while cesium is the most, when we move from left to right of the periodic table in one cycle, The metallic property gradually decreases and the non-metallic property increases.
• Radius: Due to the increase in the positive charge of the nucleus and the increase in the force of attraction of the nucleus to the electrons of the last orbit, the radius of the atom decreases during the horizontal cycle with the increase in the atomic number, that is, when we move to the right of the periodic table, with the increase in the atomic number in the vertical group due to the addition of a new energy level, The radius of the atom increases, and the force of attraction between the nucleus and the electrons in the previous level decreases.
• Ionization potential: Due to the decrease in the diameter of the atom and the increase in the forces of attraction between the nucleus of the valence electrons, the value of the ionization potential rises in the horizontal cycles with the increase in the atomic number, with the increase in the atomic number, the value of the ionization potential in the vertical groups decreases due to the increase in the radius and the number of levels.
• Electronegativity: Because the radius of the atom decreases, the effective charge of the nucleus increases, and the forces of attraction, the electronegative potential in horizontal cycles increases with the increase in the atomic number, the electronegativity of the vertical groups decreases with the increase in the atomic number, the radius of the atom increases, the attractive forces between the nucleus and the filled planes are prohibited .

Who discovered the modern periodic table?

Mendeleev invented the periodic table in 1869 AD, but Henry Moseley, a young British physicist, developed the basis on which the periodic table is based and developed the modern periodic table that is known today and that in 1913 AD, two years before his death, and he realized that the periodic table was not It is organized according to atomic weights, as Mendeleev hypothesized, after studying X-ray emissions from the elements and the frequencies of these emissions, he noticed that argon and potassium were arranged according to their atomic numbers rather than their atomic weights, and he discovered that Mendeleev’s table was arranged correctly but misinterpreted, and he realized Moseley and the existence of three spaces in the periodic table containing three elements that were not known at the time but were later discovered that they, technetium, rhenium and promethioe, place Mendeleev’s periodic table before the discovery of the modern periodic table, but it was based on the atomic weight of the elements, while the scheme The modern Moseley period is based on the atomic number.

Francium is a rare and radioactive alkali metal

Classification of the periodic table of the elements

The modern periodic table has 118 elements organized into 18 vertical groups, with elements classified according to their type as follows:

• Noble Elements: They are inactive in chemical processes because they have a full number of electrons in their final orbitals.
• Ideal elements: inert gases and elements that fill their orbital ends except for the last level.
• Major transition elements: These are the elements whose electrons are decreasing in the last two levels.
• Internal transition elements: They are those whose electrons are missing during their last three orbits.

Evolution of the periodic table

Since its discovery, the periodic table has gone through different stages before reaching the current version, which is used by scientists, researchers and students at this time. The following is the order of the distribution of its stages of development:

Mendeleev’s periodic table

Dmitri Mendeleev built a periodic table in 1869 containing 63 chemical elements, arranged them by the weights of their atomic masses, leaving empty places in it to add some new ones that had not been found at the time, English scientist Newlands organized each element according to growth in size Its atomic mass, while the German scientist Dobereiner organized the elements according to the relationships that connect them in terms of similar features in their composition, and this is before Mendeleev’s table.

Mosley’s periodic table

He is an English scientist, who arranged the elements in ascending and descending order in 1913, relying on this order to determine the values ​​of the atomic masses of each element, and thus added an update to the world’s method of Mendeleev in the process of organizing and arranging the elements, but he maintained the idea of ​​determining the value of each element within the table.

modern periodic table

It is a group of components added to Mendeleev’s table, arranged in ascending order and consisting of 18 columns, 7 horizontal rows, and four sections, namely, right, left, middle, and end of the table, with each part containing a number of elements dispersed in groups, in order. As follows:

• The main group parts (A) are formed by two groups (A1, A2), located in the left section (the alkali metals).
• The right section, containing the remaining parts that make up the group (A), is divided into groups (A3 to A7), these are referred to as representative (non-transitional) elements.
• The middle section, the non-representational (transition) elements form the middle section that contains the elements of group (B) and includes thirty of them.
• The last, which is two chains of elements, each possessing 14 elements, and in this order, the first chain is known as the lanthanides, and they all start with the element cerium, the second series is known as the actinides and begins with thorium.

And here we have come to the conclusion of today’s article, in which we talked about the answer to this question. The elements were arranged in the periodic table according to what we knew according to atomic weight, electronic distribution and chemical elements.

خاتمة لموضوعنا رتبت العناصر في الجدول الدوري حسب ,وفي نهاية الموضوع، أتمنى من الله تعالى أن أكون قد استطعت توضيح كافة الجوانب التي تتعلق بهذا الموضوع، وأن أكون قدمت معلومات مفيدة وقيمة.